![]() Talks took place in two cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control. The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. The Holy Roman Emperor ( Ferdinand III of Habsburg), the Spanish Monarchy, the kingdoms of France and Sweden, the United Provinces (Netherlands), and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire participated in these treaties. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. ![]() The Peace of Westphalia ( German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced ( listen)) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. Osnabrück and Münster, Westphalia, Holy Roman Empire The historic town hall of Münster where the treaty was signed
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